We solved the potentiometer issues, and Stan of Middle Peninsula Golf Carts wired up a charging port and let us borrow a charger. It turns out that we had the forward/reverse control wires coming from the potentiometer wired to the controller. We simply plugged in the other white/black wires running from the potentiometer and our problem was solved! Thank you very much to Middle Peninsula Golf Carts for advising us, wiring up the motor controller, and allowing us to borrow a charger.
We later drove to Mr. Joyce's house and Marshall's house. After the trips, the Corolla was almost completely dead, so it received its first charge!